Archive

Month: June 2026

# SPATTER IN WELDING: WHY DOES IT OCCUR?

Spatter is a defect that occurs in welding processes where metal transfer takes place through an electric arc.…

# POROSITY IN WELDING — WHY DOES IT OCCUR?

The American Welding Society in its standard AWS A3.0 describes porosity as a cavity formed by gases trapped…

SYMBOLS IN WELDING, A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL.

Symbology is a very important communication channel between the design department and the manufacturing department, which is why…

# CRACKS IN WELDING — WHY DO THEY OCCUR? Cracking is one of the most serious discontinuities that can occur in a weld joint, as it significantly compromises the mechanical integrity of the structure. Cracks can appear in the weld metal itself or in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), and their origin is associated with a combination of metallurgical, mechanical, and procedural factors. — ## MAIN CAUSES OF CRACKING IN WELDING ### 1. High Carbon or Alloy Content in the Base Metal When the base metal has a high carbon equivalent (CE), the HAZ becomes susceptible to forming hard, brittle microstructures such as martensite, which are prone to cracking — particularly hydrogen-induced cold cracking (HICC), also known as underbead cracking or delayed cracking. ### 2. Presence of Diffusible Hydrogen Hydrogen is one of the primary causes of cracking in welding. It can be introduced through: – Moisture in the flux or electrode coating – Contamination on the base metal surface

Cracks are considered the most critical discontinuity; due to their elongated shape, they can cause serious problems in…

PROCEDURE FOR WELDING CAST IRON OR IRON CASTING.

Cast irons are alloys of iron, carbon, and silicon in which elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, etc.…